• ours@lemmy.film
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      41
      ·
      1 year ago

      Especially when there is Firefox and Firefox-based, privacy-focused alternative with great add-blocking and privacy extensions.

  • TWeaK@lemm.ee
    link
    fedilink
    English
    arrow-up
    147
    ·
    1 year ago

    Very strongly worded, but yes.

    Brave have had a history of controversy since their inception. Every time something happens, the CEO went on a marketing campaign across social media and drummed up enough new users to drown it out. However the attitude of the business is clear: it would take a very small sack of money for Brave to sell out its users.

    If you’re going to use a Chromium web browser, there are non-commercial open source projects that don’t have a history of shady shit. However Firefox forks are better.

          • sickday@kbin.social
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            7
            ·
            edit-2
            1 year ago

            I posted the list of alternatives simply because OP asked for forks.

            What’s wrong with Firefox

            Me posting this list shouldn’t be an implication that I believe Firefox to be bad. I’m offering alternatives as the OP requests.

            and how do the forks address those points?

            Every one of the links I shared have detailed information about how their product mutates the original Firefox or Chromium browser. Do you really need me to copy-paste that information into a comment?

      • TWeaK@lemm.ee
        link
        fedilink
        English
        arrow-up
        7
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        Other people have given desktop examples. For Android, I use Mull, which also has a companion Android System Webview implementation (Chromium) called Mulch. These are baked into the DivestOS ROM, which itself is a fork of LineageOS.

          • TWeaK@lemm.ee
            link
            fedilink
            English
            arrow-up
            4
            ·
            edit-2
            1 year ago

            Yes, full support for desktop Firefox extensions. I think it also comes with uBlock Origin by default.

            • AbsolutelyNotCats@lemdro.id
              link
              fedilink
              English
              arrow-up
              2
              ·
              edit-2
              1 year ago

              Just saw it does support custom add-on collections like Firefox beta and nightly… I’m going to give it a try

              Edit: it supports startpage as search engine out of the box as well!

              • TWeaK@lemm.ee
                link
                fedilink
                English
                arrow-up
                2
                ·
                1 year ago

                All I can say is try DivestOS :)

                My opinion: It doesn’t have full customisation (compared to eg. CRDroid) but it does at least have call recording and long press back button = kill app process, along with traffic monitors for the status bar. All regular phone calls have a banner at the top reminding you that they’re not secure (as opposed to E2E encrypted chat calls over the internet) and Location permission settings seem to be a bit more expansive than other ROMs.

    • catacomb@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      3
      ·
      1 year ago

      Absoutely. I mostly use Firefox because I’m so familiar with it by now but the privacy is generally much better and it doesn’t have a massive monopoly on the web. I’m just a lot more comfortable with it.

      When I have to, I use ungoogled-chromium on desktop and Bromite on mobile. I recommend those to anyone familiar with Chrome.

    • Can-Utility@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      12
      ·
      1 year ago

      Seems like the Venn diagram of those two groups approaches a circle, if the OP is any indication.

    • flashgnash@lemm.ee
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      7
      ·
      1 year ago

      I use firefox as my main but have brave as my chromium/PWA browser because I don’t really fancy using edge or chrome

      What other browsers out there support PWAs that are less spyware-ey than the big names

      • comicallycluttered@beehaw.org
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        3
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        Vivaldi, though it’s source available rather than fully open source. It’s mostly the frontend JavaScript (I think?) code which is proprietary.

        Apparently, if you know enough to understand it, you can technically work out what all the proprietary code is and does because it’s all fairly simple stuff and separate from the Chromium base (which they make available on their site), although distributing it would be against their ToS (I guess it’s technically reverse engineering, which is also against their ToS).

        It’s been a very long time and I can’t actually confirm that for the current release, but it was at least true a few years ago when someone who knew far more about programming than me mentioned it on their forums. I think some people took a look at it and found some basic theming stuff, but nothing nefarious.

        They have a fairly solid privacy policy last I checked. They also have no intention of sticking with Google’s v3 plans.

        The only thing I don’t like is they run a daily user count check by pinging their servers. They’ve made it so that there are no IDs, anonymized or otherwise, but it’s still a bit of a black mark on an otherwise decent piece of software.

            • whou@lemmy.mlOP
              link
              fedilink
              arrow-up
              5
              ·
              1 year ago

              test my own PWA of websites I’m developing

              changing browsers or keeping both open breaks the workflow and sucks. and it’s pretty damn slow for me too

            • flashgnash@lemm.ee
              link
              fedilink
              arrow-up
              2
              ·
              1 year ago

              There’s sometimes desktop functionality like saving music on yt music

              Also having them in their own window/their own shortcut is pretty handy and firefox doesn’t support shortcuts either nowqdays

  • Melllvar@startrek.website
    link
    fedilink
    English
    arrow-up
    113
    ·
    1 year ago

    Why was appointing Eich as CEO so controversial? It’s because he donated $1,000 in support of California’s Proposition 8 in 2008, which was a proposed amendment to California’s state constitution to ban same-sex marriage.

    Which is all the reason I need.

    • kent_eh@lemmy.ca
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      34
      ·
      1 year ago

      If he had changed his tune since then and done something to offset that, I might be willing to cut him some slack.

      But, instead, he seems to have doubled down…

  • people_are_cute@lemmy.sdf.org
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    72
    ·
    edit-2
    1 year ago

    Not a single solid reason given in this unhinged rent except a mention of that affiliate link fiasco, which even they themselves agree was a major fuckup.

    All BAT and crypto stuff are completely opt-in and it barely takes a few clicks to set the browser to never let you see that side of it again. As for Brendan’s political affiliations, most users couldn’t care less. He might as well be a furry flat-earther but if the product is good, it is good. Stop acting like you’re sure all the things you use throughout the day aren’t made by people with doubtful leanings.

    I personally don’t use Brave on desktop, Firefox is good enough; but it is the best option on Android currently since Bromite is almost always a Chromium version behind whatever is current.

    Edit: Just learnt that I was wrong in my perception of what “furry” meant. Reading the replies objecting to that reference made me dig a bit deeper and realise that it’s just a type of fandom, and not some sex-deviant cult that pop media made me believe. Sorry for the wrong example.

    • samwise@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      91
      ·
      1 year ago

      As for Brendan’s political affiliations, most users couldn’t care less. He might as well be a furry but if the product is good, it is good. Stop acting like you’re sure all the things you use throughout the day aren’t made by people with doubtful leanings.

      1. People do care about Eich’s beliefs, or this discussion wouldn’t even be happening.

      2. There’s nothing wrong with being a furry, and trying to compare it as though it’s equivalent or worse than being a shitbag bigot is bullshit.

      3. If you know that the people who run a company are bigots and you continue to use their products and services, you are giving your explicit approval to who they are and what they do. “if the product is good, it is good” absolutely fucking not. Goods and services don’t exist in a vacuum.

      • ichbinjasokreativ@beehaw.org
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        5
        ·
        1 year ago

        Bro, most people don’t even care about their own privacy and keep using edge/chrome in windows. Some lemmy users care about Eich’s beliefs, like you, but most people don’t.

        • sadreality@kbin.social
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          2
          ·
          1 year ago

          I am not even sure what that list supposed to prove either…

          I am sure CEOs of banks or oil companies are totally not bigots who absolutely despise poor’s, that’s I feel fine using their products!

    • TWeaK@lemm.ee
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      82
      ·
      1 year ago

      Not a single solid reason given in this unhinged rent except a mention of that affiliate link fiasco, which even they themselves agree was a major fuckup.

      That’s pretty dismissive of a feature that could only have been added intentionally. It’s not like there was some accidental glitch that was adding affiliate suffixes on the end of links.

      What we have here is a business poking and prodding and seeing what they can get away with. You’ve said that there’s only one thing they did that’s truly out of line, while glossing over the fact that most of what they do is borderline. Their intent is clear.

    • beefcat@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      40
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      The very first reason seems valid to me. No way anyone should be supporting a hateful asshole like that. Anybody going around saying homosexuality is any less valid than heterosexuality has no place in our society anymore.

        • rena_ch@lemmy.zip
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          9
          ·
          1 year ago

          I have this weird suspicion that a person advocating to specifically ban gay marriage (and not get rid of marriage in general) might actually be homophobic

        • TheRtRevKaiser@beehaw.orgM
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          4
          ·
          1 year ago

          I’m removing this comment. Your link isn’t relevant to the discussion, Prop 8 was an attempt to ban gay marriage in a state where it was currently legal.

          Further attempts to debate human rights will be met with a permanent ban.

        • Honestly, that article is pretty lousy. It just boils down to “I oppose gay marriage because I don’t like the concept of marriage”. Just seems like veiled homophobia to specifically call out opposition to gay marriage when they could have just written “I oppose the concept of marriage, and this is why”.

    • Alto@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      40
      ·
      1 year ago

      If directly funding homophobic policies isn’t a good enough reason for you, you need to look yourself in the mirror and ask yourself why that is

    • sarsaparilyptus@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      27
      ·
      1 year ago

      Not a single solid reason given

      Well not to you, but that doesn’t mean much considering you think spyware is fine as long as it’s opt-in (and that being a furry is equivalent in severity to being homophobic, wtf). The fact that you think this article is bad is basically a ringing endorsement.

    • comicallycluttered@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      6
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      it is the best option on Android currently since Bromite is almost always a Chromium version behind whatever is current.

      Right now Bromite is unmaintained and has been for a long time. I shudder to think how many versions it’s behind.

      If you want a FOSS Chromium-based Android browser, use Mulch. It gets updates fairly quickly and serves much of the same purpose that Bromite did, while actually having a (very slightly) larger dev team.

      Edit: Oops. Didn’t realize that Mulch doesn’t have a content blocker. Someone else mentioned Cromite (which does have a built-in content blocker), so that might be a good option as well.

  • drcouzelis@lemmy.zip
    link
    fedilink
    English
    arrow-up
    65
    ·
    1 year ago

    To anyone reading this article, only the first quarter of it is about the beliefs and political stance of the developers. The rest of the article after that goes into more technical reasons.

    • IHeartBadCode@kbin.social
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      41
      ·
      1 year ago

      All I needed to read was in the first paragraph.

      Brave Software, the company behind the browser of the same name, was founded by Brendan Eich. He’s best known as the creator of JavaScript from his days at Netscape Communications

      I mean, JS is his baby that’s all there needs to be said about the person’s motivations.

      • wxboss@lemmy.sdf.org
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        15
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        “JS is his baby that’s all there needs to be said about the person’s motivations.”

        During these formative years of the Web, web pages could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was a desire in the flourishing web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a scripting language to Navigator. They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with Sun Microsystems to embed the Java programming language, while also hiring Brendan Eich to embed the Scheme language.”

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

        I think you’re confusing the reasons behind the initial intent of JS versus what it has evolved into almost 30 years later.

  • ericflo@lemmy.ml
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    58
    ·
    1 year ago

    I love Brave, use it daily, and this article didn’t convince me at all. Vaguely motioning at the founder’s ancient political donations or the optional crypto features, doesn’t make a strong case.

      • kent_eh@lemmy.ca
        link
        fedilink
        English
        arrow-up
        40
        ·
        1 year ago

        Nor has he repented.

        That’s the important point for me.

        People can change after 20 years. But he prefers to double-down instead.

      • FightMilk@discuss.online
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        5
        ·
        edit-2
        1 year ago

        So? He’s the CEO of a company that already gets no money from me.

        Online forums pick the weirdest hills to die on sometimes. You’ve probably used hundreds of products today alone made by companies whose CEOs are worse dickwads than Eich. But this gave you a chance to feel superior online so you had to take it lmao

        • Melllvar@startrek.website
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          27
          ·
          edit-2
          1 year ago

          As a gay Californian, I took prop 8 personally. I spurn its supporters as I would spurn a rabid dog.

      • lloram239@feddit.de
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        9
        ·
        1 year ago

        You have the choice between the engine made by Google and the engine paid for by Google.

        Brave at least has its own search engine, something Mozilla doesn’t even dare, as that’s where they get all their Google money from.

        • kungen@feddit.nu
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          25
          ·
          1 year ago

          something Mozilla doesn’t even dare, as that’s where they get all their Google money from

          Or because they’re aware that it’d be a huge waste of time and money? It’d be a lot of work to build a search engine anywhere near as good as the existing alternatives, so it’d give worse user experience and waste time.

          • lloram239@feddit.de
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            3
            ·
            1 year ago

            It’d be a lot of work to build a search engine anywhere near as good as the existing alternatives,

            And yet Brave Search has done so. You got to have to come up with better excuses for Mozilla’s failure here.

              • lloram239@feddit.de
                link
                fedilink
                arrow-up
                1
                ·
                1 year ago

                How exactly are they pushing DuckDuckGo by making Google the default? And anyway, DuckDuckGo is just a wrapper around Bing, so that’s not even much of an improvement.

        • BlueBockser@programming.dev
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          20
          ·
          edit-2
          1 year ago

          Just because you like Brave the search engine doesn’t mean you have to use Brave the browser. The two have no inherent connection.

          Edit: While we’re on the subject of money, I’d be more worried about that Peter Thiel money Brave took. That man openly claims freedom and democracy to be incompatible and supports efforts to create independent libertarian societies on international waters and in space.

        • snowe@programming.dev
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          4
          ·
          1 year ago

          Or there’s Safari or Orion, neither of which are what you listed. Also, Firefox is not “paid for by google” they get funding through their nonprofit as well.

          • lloram239@feddit.de
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            1
            ·
            1 year ago

            Also, Firefox is not “paid for by google”

            Around 85% of the $450 million they get each year come from Google.

        • RobotToaster@infosec.pub
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          4
          ·
          1 year ago

          I use brave search from firefox, seems the least shitty search engine so far.

          Nothing against brave the browser, I’ve just been using firefox for about 10 years so have a lot of inertia.

    • Naatan@lemmy.one
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      46
      ·
      1 year ago

      You see, when someone is known to make bad choices it makes sense to approach what they do with apprehension. This guy not only has a history of bad choices, he’s also the CEO.

      You’re free to do as you like of course, but I’d say it’s hardly fair to say the article is unconvincing.

      • aksdb@feddit.de
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        11
        ·
        1 year ago

        Depends. As long as he doesn’t rub it in my face by putting it into the browser, I don’t care much. So I understand people who are pissed off because crypto is being rubbed in your face with Brave. But since I can disable that (and disabling it syncs to my other devices), I am also fine with that.

        In return I get a browser where I like the sync model, with integrated Tor private browsing mode, and which is based on Chromium (which has sadly still the best dev tools, IMO).

        Even MS Edge has some nice features and I used it for a while (I very much like that you can specify in which browser profile you want to open external links in). But they started to put more and more of their Microsoft bullshit into it with each version trying to sell me on all the different fucked up services they offer. Saying “no” once or twice: no problem. Saying “no” every fucking time they update the browser: fuck off.

        • Naatan@lemmy.one
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          12
          ·
          1 year ago

          Given their crypto functionality uses a third party which has been found to skirt the legal system I’d be a lot more concerned about this integration even if I don’t intend to use it.

          Keep in mind the stuff you read about is only what has been surfaced so far. Who knows what skeletons are still hiding?

          Personally, I don’t see any point risking it when there are perfectly viable alternatives such as Firefox. Granted the same guy infected Mozilla, but they stood up and ousted him so credit where credit is due.

          • Madis@lemm.ee
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            4
            ·
            edit-2
            1 year ago

            Who knows what skeletons are still hiding?

            Go and have a look? https://github.com/brave/brave-browser

            My argument is that Brave is a Chromium browser with questionable business goals, but it is also the most private and secure, open-source, mainstream* Chromium browser. These keywords cannot be said about Vivaldi, Ungoogled Chromium and many other projects unfortunately.

            That said, I primarily use Vivaldi because of its customizability and added features, something Firefox seems to reduce with every new version.

            • Not quite on Edge or Opera level, and no accurate data can be found due to the removal of unique user agent, but nonetheless I’d argue it is more popular than others of similar kind.
            • Naatan@lemmy.one
              link
              fedilink
              arrow-up
              5
              ·
              edit-2
              1 year ago

              Go and have a look? https://github.com/brave/brave-browser

              Being open-source doesn’t automatically make you secure or reputable. Especially considering the open-source ecosystem in particular is a big target for exploitation right now. And auditing a software project of this size by its source code alone is no small feat.

              it is also the most private and secure, open-source, mainstream* Chromium browser

              “Mainstream chromium browser” is doing most if not all the heavy lifting there. Fair enough if that’s what you’re after, but mixing “private and secure, open-source” in feels disingenuous.

              That said, I primarily use Vivaldi because of its customizability and added features, something Firefox seems to reduce with every new version.

              Last time I played with either Vivaldi or Brave you had to literally monkey patch the source code in order to customize things further than what the extension SDK allowed you to. You could do the same thing with Firefox, except they make it slightly harder because much of the source code is shipped in archives.

              That said it’s been years, maybe this can now be done purely through the extension SDK? It’d be news to me.

          • chicken@lemmy.dbzer0.com
            link
            fedilink
            arrow-up
            3
            ·
            1 year ago

            Given their crypto functionality uses a third party which has been found to skirt the legal system I’d be a lot more concerned about this integration even if I don’t intend to use it.

            They offered a tenuous high yield lending program, that the SEC only jumped on after it collapsed from the FTX contagion. Litigation is pending afaik and depends on whether the program qualifies as a security, but the SEC has been losing ground in their optimistic claims of what they think qualifies as a security (outcome of Ripple lawsuit etc.).

            Don’t get me wrong, any such program is sketchy and I trust Gemini less for having offered it, but IMO it doesn’t put them on the same tier as an exchange like FTX or make me think they would inject malware into software they have a connection with.

            • Naatan@lemmy.one
              link
              fedilink
              arrow-up
              2
              ·
              1 year ago

              Yeah that’s fair. I’d say it falls into the same boat as the argument against the CEO; they haven’t done anything clearly malicious, but their bad decisions are enough to give you pause and reconsider.

    • doylio@lemmy.ca
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      15
      ·
      1 year ago

      Yeah this article is not very convincing

      Brave is great! No ads, Tor built in, and can install Chrome extensions. I don’t use their crypto wallet and it’s never bothered me

          • Hyperi0n@lemmy.film
            link
            fedilink
            English
            arrow-up
            8
            ·
            1 year ago

            You’ve used onion links. Brave implemented unsecured onion protocol in thier Chromium browser.

            Anything using Firefox as a base can run onion links with a simple add on because Tor is just Firefox. Vivaldi comes with onion support right out of the box, doesn’t support hate and is malware free.

          • Makeshift@lemmy.dbzer0.com
            link
            fedilink
            English
            arrow-up
            5
            ·
            1 year ago

            I use brave and think it’s the best browser available, so I’m not arguing against it or anything, but technically it just supports use of the onion protocol, it does not provide the same full suite of protections that the tor browser does

            As Brave says themselves:

            For users who currently require leakproof privacy, we recommend using the Tor Browser, which provides much stronger and well-tested protection against websites or eavesdroppers using advanced techniques to uncover a true IP address.

            https://brave.com/tor-tabs-beta/

      • samwise@beehaw.org
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        32
        ·
        1 year ago

        “Just learned about this company that’s led by a raging bigot who has used his wealth and position to try to oppress others and strip them of civil and human rights, and I fully support that and am now a proud supporter”

        • Hyperi0n@lemmy.film
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          5
          ·
          1 year ago

          They also sell userdata more than Google, have installed malware knowingly and thier shitcoin skirts the law.

  • Gsus4@feddit.nl
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    53
    ·
    1 year ago

    The moment my cryptofan buddy started talking up brave, I knew it was time to uninstall.

  • regalia@literature.cafe
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    49
    ·
    1 year ago

    It should’ve been as simple as stop using any chromium-based browser, but the CEO is also super bigoted, doing ad theft, and pushing crypto scams.

    • explodicle@local106.com
      link
      fedilink
      English
      arrow-up
      10
      ·
      1 year ago

      Even the crypto people don’t generally like him. He tried for Bitcoin integration first and got booed away before starting an ICO - nothing about this needed another coin. Pay-to-surf is a Turing test; his idea doesn’t even work in theory.

      • lloram239@feddit.de
        link
        fedilink
        arrow-up
        2
        ·
        1 year ago

        nothing about this needed another coin.

        I really don’t get this take, at all. Payment is at the root of almost all problems with the modern Internet. Ads, censorship, mega-cooperation monopolies, etc. There are few problems that can’t be traced by to payment.

        Crypto provides a means to fix that by making digital transactions easy, such that small creators can host their content and earn from their own stuff, without a middle man.

        Does crypto fulfill that promise? Not quite, but it’s still better than nothing and is currently the only solution in sight (until we get an official digital currency from a country). And for whatever faults it might have, it sure beats crawling up Google’s bumhole in search for more ad money.

        • sarsaparilyptus@beehaw.org
          link
          fedilink
          arrow-up
          17
          ·
          1 year ago

          Crypto will never be a thing. We’ll be in a Star Trek style post-economy future where the concept of money is worthless before crypto will ever be a viable alternative to fiat currency, at least for anything aside from buying drugs online from dudes with roman statue avatars who talk like anime villains.

        • explodicle@local106.com
          link
          fedilink
          English
          arrow-up
          2
          ·
          1 year ago

          another

          Any of the existing cryptocurrencies can already handle payments. We don’t need yet another one for each use case of money.

  • ulkesh@beehaw.org
    link
    fedilink
    English
    arrow-up
    44
    ·
    1 year ago

    Now it makes sense why some of the Fox News-parroting, right wing people I know use Brave. I had no idea about what the author mentioned about the browser, I just know it is based on Chromium which I will not use. Thus, I am on Firefox. And for many reasons, including those the author laid out, I’m happy I chose wisely.

  • emptyother@programming.dev
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    42
    ·
    1 year ago

    Don’t need to tell me twice. I’ve distrusted Brave since I saw their advertisement for it. It just feels like they sell the browser in same mood as pyramid schemers does their products.

    But its just my gut feeling. Got no good reason why people should avoid the browser. And because the CEO is an ass isn’t a good enough reason for most people.

    • acastcandream@beehaw.org
      link
      fedilink
      arrow-up
      76
      ·
      edit-2
      1 year ago

      I think it’s pretty unfair to put all of the blame on everyone who uses a chromium browser, considering that most people with a computer have no idea what the hell you are talking about.

      Google Chrome is the single most popular web browser. Everyone’s work uses it, everyone’s school uses it, why would they possibly question it? And then they discover a new browser someone recommended - why would they look into “chromium” and what it all means? It’s just not reasonable to expect of nearly the entire population at this stage.

      Take your anger out on the company and educate people. This is a problem of education, not selfishness (on the part of the user).

  • RobotToaster@infosec.pub
    link
    fedilink
    arrow-up
    33
    ·
    1 year ago

    Isn’t this like the fourth time this has been posted? the conversation always goes around in circles with nobody changing their mind.